1 00:00:04,220 --> 00:00:02,629 hello and welcome to the SSC meeting a 2 00:00:06,110 --> 00:00:04,230 secretary I'd like to welcome you I know 3 00:00:07,369 --> 00:00:06,120 it's the last day right now but this is 4 00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:07,379 I guess one of the first opportunities 5 00:00:11,959 --> 00:00:09,929 I've had to to welcome you I hope you're 6 00:00:13,249 --> 00:00:11,969 enjoying yourself so far what we're 7 00:00:15,499 --> 00:00:13,259 gonna do is going to diverge a little 8 00:00:17,510 --> 00:00:15,509 bit why because I'm an entomologist and 9 00:00:20,150 --> 00:00:17,520 I play with bugs so we're going to talk 10 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:20,160 about protein semiconductors in relation 11 00:00:23,439 --> 00:00:22,170 to insect olfaction now a number of you 12 00:00:25,730 --> 00:00:23,449 probably are more familiar with 13 00:00:27,439 --> 00:00:25,740 semiconductors then you would be insect 14 00:00:29,269 --> 00:00:27,449 olfaction for that reason I'm gonna go 15 00:00:31,070 --> 00:00:29,279 spend a little more time talking about 16 00:00:32,959 --> 00:00:31,080 insect olfaction so that you understand 17 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:32,969 where I'm coming from and why I'm gonna 18 00:00:35,900 --> 00:00:34,410 go in the direction of the 19 00:00:38,630 --> 00:00:35,910 semiconductors at the end of the talk 20 00:00:40,220 --> 00:00:38,640 first how do insects smell I think 21 00:00:41,569 --> 00:00:40,230 everyone knows I hope everyone knows 22 00:00:44,090 --> 00:00:41,579 that they all smell with their antennae 23 00:00:45,979 --> 00:00:44,100 they smell with their antennae and this 24 00:00:47,930 --> 00:00:45,989 is no more obvious in some of the large 25 00:00:51,380 --> 00:00:47,940 moths largest moth of the world right 26 00:00:53,689 --> 00:00:51,390 here 11 inch wingspan atticus Atlas and 27 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:53,699 they take a look at the antennae here 28 00:00:57,529 --> 00:00:54,930 especially on the Saturn eye it's 29 00:00:59,090 --> 00:00:57,539 because they're so big but it's not 30 00:01:01,189 --> 00:00:59,100 really the antenna itself it's usually 31 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:01,199 the sencilla so if you get a close-up of 32 00:01:05,210 --> 00:01:03,570 the sencilla you can see on this 33 00:01:07,039 --> 00:01:05,220 scanning electron micrograph that they 34 00:01:09,590 --> 00:01:07,049 have these long tricloid sencilla 35 00:01:11,510 --> 00:01:09,600 which we know are the detectors and 36 00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:11,520 these are the actual detectors of the 37 00:01:16,010 --> 00:01:13,320 molecules that they are smelling such as 38 00:01:17,289 --> 00:01:16,020 the pheromone or the plan odorants now 39 00:01:21,320 --> 00:01:17,299 if I go ahead and make a cross-section 40 00:01:24,050 --> 00:01:21,330 now of this you can see that the 41 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:24,060 sencilla is does have some tiny pores in 42 00:01:27,499 --> 00:01:26,130 the side right there they also have some 43 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:27,509 dendrites emanating from these cells 44 00:01:31,069 --> 00:01:29,130 down here try could get a neutron tour 45 00:01:33,850 --> 00:01:31,079 imagine cell the dendrites are sent up 46 00:01:36,980 --> 00:01:33,860 they're bathed in a saline solution and 47 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:36,990 this is the basic setup for most types 48 00:01:42,380 --> 00:01:40,290 of insect sencilla this is where i'm an 49 00:01:44,179 --> 00:01:42,390 agreement with them and we do not differ 50 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:44,189 at all things start to get a little 51 00:01:46,940 --> 00:01:45,570 hairy right now let me tell you what the 52 00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:46,950 current theory is right now so that 53 00:01:51,679 --> 00:01:48,780 you're up to date we have the pheromones 54 00:01:53,660 --> 00:01:51,689 out here the pheromone is in blue the 55 00:01:56,030 --> 00:01:53,670 pheromone diffuses through the air it 56 00:01:58,069 --> 00:01:56,040 lands on the sense illa this is a sense 57 00:01:59,929 --> 00:01:58,079 illa right here the outside there is a 58 00:02:02,209 --> 00:01:59,939 very very thin layer of wax they usually 59 00:02:04,069 --> 00:02:02,219 imbed in the wax and when they embed in 60 00:02:06,639 --> 00:02:04,079 the wax they diffuse through the wax 61 00:02:09,020 --> 00:02:06,649 make their way to some tiny pores 62 00:02:10,940 --> 00:02:09,030 through it and then they have to wait 63 00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:10,950 they have to wait because it's a lipid 64 00:02:15,730 --> 00:02:13,160 water and oil don't mix 65 00:02:17,740 --> 00:02:15,740 this is water the pheromones are a 66 00:02:18,940 --> 00:02:17,750 long-chain 14 carbon acetate and 67 00:02:20,920 --> 00:02:18,950 therefore they're not going to diffuse 68 00:02:22,540 --> 00:02:20,930 through it they have to wait for a 69 00:02:24,820 --> 00:02:22,550 pheromone binding protein which is 70 00:02:26,830 --> 00:02:24,830 pretty large in order to come along grab 71 00:02:29,050 --> 00:02:26,840 it from the poor pull it in 72 00:02:31,660 --> 00:02:29,060 it will then ferry it across this 73 00:02:36,460 --> 00:02:31,670 ancillary lymph it will then make its 74 00:02:38,290 --> 00:02:36,470 way to a receptor and somehow binding is 75 00:02:40,180 --> 00:02:38,300 meant to occur whether it's with the 76 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:40,190 pheromone directly or whether it's with 77 00:02:44,170 --> 00:02:42,290 the pheromone binding protein complex 78 00:02:46,450 --> 00:02:44,180 with the pheromone and this is how 79 00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:46,460 detection occurs you are now up to date 80 00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:49,430 and you can now publish any information 81 00:02:53,380 --> 00:02:51,440 on insect olfaction because this is 82 00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:53,390 about as far as we go you can apply for 83 00:02:59,200 --> 00:02:55,850 an NIH grant NSF grant and you will get 84 00:03:01,330 --> 00:02:59,210 funded for this now what is the 85 00:03:03,370 --> 00:03:01,340 overlying theme right here diffusion 86 00:03:05,140 --> 00:03:03,380 diffusion diffusion 87 00:03:07,390 --> 00:03:05,150 we've got diffusion through the air 88 00:03:09,670 --> 00:03:07,400 we've got diffusion through a wax layer 89 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:09,680 and I've got now diffusion through this 90 00:03:13,030 --> 00:03:11,210 in similar limb even though it has to 91 00:03:14,710 --> 00:03:13,040 piggyback on a pheromone binding protein 92 00:03:16,090 --> 00:03:14,720 well this makes my job a little bit 93 00:03:18,780 --> 00:03:16,100 easier right now because when you've got 94 00:03:21,130 --> 00:03:18,790 a mechanism as singular as diffusion 95 00:03:22,630 --> 00:03:21,140 there are some laws that you can follow 96 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:22,640 and you think to yourself wow this is 97 00:03:26,140 --> 00:03:24,410 diffusion I mean we can predict this 98 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:26,150 sure it's going to be faster through air 99 00:03:29,380 --> 00:03:28,010 slower through the wax and a little bit 100 00:03:31,270 --> 00:03:29,390 faster there's a water though but there 101 00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:31,280 are some some generalizations that could 102 00:03:35,740 --> 00:03:33,620 be made and in former stalks I've let 103 00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:35,750 you know that diffusion does not account 104 00:03:40,570 --> 00:03:38,120 for the ability for the pheromone to 105 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:40,580 reach the receptor in time if errant if 106 00:03:44,560 --> 00:03:42,290 the diffusion is all I have to work with 107 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:44,570 and I assure you that this is all I have 108 00:03:48,100 --> 00:03:46,730 to work with then according to the 109 00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:48,110 current theory I can't get to that 110 00:03:52,780 --> 00:03:50,900 pheromone to the dendrite in time in 111 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:52,790 order to say that the insect is now 112 00:03:57,340 --> 00:03:54,290 detecting it how long does this take 113 00:03:58,780 --> 00:03:57,350 this takes one millisecond no it takes a 114 00:04:01,750 --> 00:03:58,790 little bit less than one millisecond 115 00:04:03,190 --> 00:04:01,760 point eight point seven milliseconds now 116 00:04:04,420 --> 00:04:03,200 to you biologists some of you are 117 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:04,430 impressed right now I think and Tom 118 00:04:08,979 --> 00:04:07,130 that's fast but do you physicists 119 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:08,989 they're like that's casual you know one 120 00:04:13,630 --> 00:04:10,730 millisecond because you guys are dealing 121 00:04:15,970 --> 00:04:13,640 with nanoseconds picoseconds maybe 122 00:04:17,020 --> 00:04:15,980 femtoseconds we're but the biology is 123 00:04:18,909 --> 00:04:17,030 and what we're dealing with less than 124 00:04:23,290 --> 00:04:18,919 one millisecond that is lightning fast 125 00:04:25,300 --> 00:04:23,300 for a biological systems so what to do 126 00:04:26,650 --> 00:04:25,310 here is our cross section I've blown it 127 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:26,660 up a little bit so you can take a close 128 00:04:28,119 --> 00:04:27,050 look 129 00:04:29,710 --> 00:04:28,129 see what we're talking about the 130 00:04:32,020 --> 00:04:29,720 pheromone pheromone I'm dealing with is 131 00:04:34,390 --> 00:04:32,030 about two nanometers long but the pores 132 00:04:36,490 --> 00:04:34,400 are between 10 and 50 nanometers in 133 00:04:37,749 --> 00:04:36,500 diameter what's going to happen when the 134 00:04:40,089 --> 00:04:37,759 pheromone hits the sencilla 135 00:04:41,260 --> 00:04:40,099 it's going to clog the pores it's going 136 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:41,270 to clog the pores because there's just 137 00:04:45,490 --> 00:04:43,250 not that much room and it's not just the 138 00:04:47,740 --> 00:04:45,500 pheromone that gets in anything that the 139 00:04:49,330 --> 00:04:47,750 insect wants to smell is going to have 140 00:04:51,490 --> 00:04:49,340 to get through those pores and get to 141 00:04:54,309 --> 00:04:51,500 the dendrite anything plant odorants 142 00:04:55,899 --> 00:04:54,319 pheromone you name it and so everything 143 00:04:57,460 --> 00:04:55,909 is going to get clogged because it's not 144 00:04:59,309 --> 00:04:57,470 going to diffuse it has to wait for a 145 00:05:03,219 --> 00:04:59,319 ferryboat in order to carry it across 146 00:05:04,869 --> 00:05:03,229 problem also so the researchers looked 147 00:05:06,879 --> 00:05:04,879 for the proteins because they got the 148 00:05:08,830 --> 00:05:06,889 funding for it research looked for 149 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:08,840 proteins directly on the dendrite well 150 00:05:11,589 --> 00:05:09,650 that makes sense 151 00:05:12,999 --> 00:05:11,599 I mean we do know that there's got to be 152 00:05:15,459 --> 00:05:13,009 something there the dendrites are 153 00:05:17,020 --> 00:05:15,469 detecting it somehow so you take a look 154 00:05:19,119 --> 00:05:17,030 at the proteins and they found some of 155 00:05:21,550 --> 00:05:19,129 course because there's always proteins 156 00:05:23,379 --> 00:05:21,560 on dendrites but they were not the 157 00:05:26,350 --> 00:05:23,389 putative receptors so they had to keep 158 00:05:28,089 --> 00:05:26,360 looking the research then tuned to 159 00:05:29,709 --> 00:05:28,099 scanning the genetic code sagen ro I 160 00:05:32,350 --> 00:05:29,719 can't find him directly through direct 161 00:05:34,180 --> 00:05:32,360 means let's do this indirectly will scan 162 00:05:36,550 --> 00:05:34,190 the genetic code we're gonna look for G 163 00:05:38,980 --> 00:05:36,560 proteins why why you're gonna look for G 164 00:05:41,499 --> 00:05:38,990 proteins because we know that G proteins 165 00:05:43,959 --> 00:05:41,509 are involved in human olfaction so for 166 00:05:46,269 --> 00:05:43,969 um DS out there old news for you for the 167 00:05:47,860 --> 00:05:46,279 rest of you this is new news so the G 168 00:05:50,430 --> 00:05:47,870 proteins are looked at lo and behold 169 00:05:54,730 --> 00:05:50,440 they find them but they don't find them 170 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:54,740 in great quantity mu new labeling comes 171 00:05:58,029 --> 00:05:56,330 in next yes they find them in the sense 172 00:05:59,860 --> 00:05:58,039 Allah but the immuno labeling comes in 173 00:06:02,320 --> 00:05:59,870 and they show a very low concentration 174 00:06:06,339 --> 00:06:02,330 of these putative receptors so the 175 00:06:06,939 --> 00:06:06,349 question is where are they and then the 176 00:06:09,730 --> 00:06:06,949 big one 177 00:06:11,980 --> 00:06:09,740 no receptor ligand binding has been 178 00:06:15,129 --> 00:06:11,990 demonstrated to date so as I stand 179 00:06:18,550 --> 00:06:15,139 before you there is no receptor ligand 180 00:06:20,769 --> 00:06:18,560 binding there is no receptor binding 181 00:06:23,649 --> 00:06:20,779 this has not been shown yet it is 182 00:06:25,570 --> 00:06:23,659 assumed this is also a problem why is 183 00:06:27,490 --> 00:06:25,580 this I mean as a matter of fact this is 184 00:06:29,700 --> 00:06:27,500 a huge problem why can't you show 185 00:06:32,350 --> 00:06:29,710 binding in pharmacology we know that 186 00:06:34,749 --> 00:06:32,360 molecules bind to like siedel choline 187 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:34,759 acetylcholine receptors this makes sense 188 00:06:39,730 --> 00:06:37,130 but this we haven't been able to show 189 00:06:40,129 --> 00:06:39,740 any binding so this thing kind of brings 190 00:06:41,179 --> 00:06:40,139 me to 191 00:06:43,520 --> 00:06:41,189 theory which I've talked about before 192 00:06:45,350 --> 00:06:43,530 but let me just review for you right now 193 00:06:47,570 --> 00:06:45,360 the current theory is bought lock and 194 00:06:49,700 --> 00:06:47,580 key it's about this binding that I told 195 00:06:52,010 --> 00:06:49,710 you about the receptor and it's got the 196 00:06:53,659 --> 00:06:52,020 pheromone the lock and key hypothesis 197 00:06:55,820 --> 00:06:53,669 olfaction says we've got the receptor 198 00:06:57,890 --> 00:06:55,830 the pheromone comes along and it binds 199 00:07:00,350 --> 00:06:57,900 with it and this is what causes the 200 00:07:02,119 --> 00:07:00,360 message to make it to the dendrite the 201 00:07:03,890 --> 00:07:02,129 vibrational theory of odor which some of 202 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:03,900 you know I am a proponent of does not 203 00:07:08,540 --> 00:07:06,210 say that it's a lock and key system it 204 00:07:10,429 --> 00:07:08,550 can operate either by touching the sense 205 00:07:13,399 --> 00:07:10,439 illa on the outside if it's acting as an 206 00:07:15,469 --> 00:07:13,409 antenna or it can simply come in close 207 00:07:17,570 --> 00:07:15,479 proximity very close proximity to the 208 00:07:19,339 --> 00:07:17,580 antenna and the antenna or that since 209 00:07:21,379 --> 00:07:19,349 Silla will be able to detect it that's 210 00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:21,389 the vibrational Theory voter I believe 211 00:07:25,010 --> 00:07:22,400 that insects are smelling 212 00:07:27,439 --> 00:07:25,020 electromagnetically so let's take a look 213 00:07:29,269 --> 00:07:27,449 but if i'm putting this forward some of 214 00:07:31,640 --> 00:07:29,279 you might be thinking i don't follow 215 00:07:33,740 --> 00:07:31,650 this is new stuff tom i need some help 216 00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:33,750 what's the mechanism i mean you've got a 217 00:07:38,269 --> 00:07:35,400 message on the outside of the sencilla 218 00:07:40,850 --> 00:07:38,279 and you got to get it to the inside 219 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:40,860 dendrite the electrophysiologist tell us 220 00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:44,330 that the dendrite d polarizes a normal 221 00:07:50,629 --> 00:07:47,310 depolarization just like a normal neuron 222 00:07:52,189 --> 00:07:50,639 and a normal neuronal spike passes down 223 00:07:55,459 --> 00:07:52,199 the neuron to eventually reach the 224 00:07:57,350 --> 00:07:55,469 normal brain nothing new about this so 225 00:08:00,170 --> 00:07:57,360 because this is a normal spike we know 226 00:08:02,990 --> 00:08:00,180 that dendrite is somehow involved if the 227 00:08:04,639 --> 00:08:03,000 antenna was the detector the antenna was 228 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:04,649 the detector this whole sencilla right 229 00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:06,930 here acting as an antenna then the 230 00:08:11,540 --> 00:08:09,330 neurons which we do know are projecting 231 00:08:13,459 --> 00:08:11,550 up would be unnecesarry we wouldn't need 232 00:08:15,980 --> 00:08:13,469 them because the detection is done at 233 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:15,990 the level of the antenna but we know 234 00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:17,490 that there's a message going down the 235 00:08:21,559 --> 00:08:19,770 neuron so if the antenna is simply the 236 00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:21,569 primary detector but not the final 237 00:08:27,139 --> 00:08:25,050 detector then how does a normal spike 238 00:08:28,909 --> 00:08:27,149 and it's very normal get initiated in 239 00:08:32,719 --> 00:08:28,919 the nerve cell and this is what brings 240 00:08:34,250 --> 00:08:32,729 me to the proteins ultimately sooner or 241 00:08:36,170 --> 00:08:34,260 later one must consider that certain 242 00:08:38,659 --> 00:08:36,180 proteins on the dendrite are mediating 243 00:08:41,540 --> 00:08:38,669 this occurrence in some fashion but like 244 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:41,550 the grinch but how and so because this 245 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:42,810 is going on and I do believe that 246 00:08:45,590 --> 00:08:44,130 proteins are involved but I don't 247 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:45,600 believe it's lock and key we got to take 248 00:08:49,100 --> 00:08:47,370 a look at these proteins but my problem 249 00:08:50,569 --> 00:08:49,110 is that because I'm not dealing with a 250 00:08:53,870 --> 00:08:50,579 lock and key I've got to figure out how 251 00:08:55,490 --> 00:08:53,880 to get an electromagnetic message in 252 00:08:58,250 --> 00:08:55,500 - an electromagnetic message as it 253 00:09:00,590 --> 00:08:58,260 passes down the nerve now there is a 254 00:09:02,270 --> 00:09:00,600 little bit of it's not just 255 00:09:05,030 --> 00:09:02,280 electromagnetic to electromagnetic 256 00:09:07,340 --> 00:09:05,040 there's going to have to be some some 257 00:09:08,660 --> 00:09:07,350 interplay here and so this kind of 258 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:08,670 brings me to the point where I think all 259 00:09:12,950 --> 00:09:10,890 right I need a protein and I need it to 260 00:09:14,570 --> 00:09:12,960 react to electromagnetic energy I'll 261 00:09:16,820 --> 00:09:14,580 search the literature see what I can 262 00:09:18,170 --> 00:09:16,830 find what do I find well the first thing 263 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:18,180 that pops up is probably the most 264 00:09:22,490 --> 00:09:20,250 studies rhodopsin I'm looking at you 265 00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:22,500 right now you're looking at me rhodopsin 266 00:09:27,140 --> 00:09:24,930 is firing it's a great system what 267 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:27,150 happens in rhodopsin which is a protein 268 00:09:32,660 --> 00:09:30,090 by the way incoming light hits the 269 00:09:35,030 --> 00:09:32,670 rhodopsin molecule there is a shift in 270 00:09:37,300 --> 00:09:35,040 electron density this shift in electron 271 00:09:39,910 --> 00:09:37,310 density causes a conformational change 272 00:09:43,250 --> 00:09:39,920 can't get much easier than that it bends 273 00:09:44,810 --> 00:09:43,260 alright and so this is measured this is 274 00:09:46,340 --> 00:09:44,820 measured because the rhodopsin is there 275 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:46,350 in our eye it's attached to the cell 276 00:09:50,030 --> 00:09:48,330 membrane cell membrane has some great 277 00:09:52,370 --> 00:09:50,040 electromagnetic properties to it and 278 00:09:57,410 --> 00:09:52,380 it's detected and it's a beautiful 279 00:09:59,240 --> 00:09:57,420 system and very very fast - however in 280 00:10:01,850 --> 00:09:59,250 order to study a system like this you 281 00:10:03,140 --> 00:10:01,860 can't really do it in vivo it's not that 282 00:10:05,420 --> 00:10:03,150 not that easy I mean you still they 283 00:10:06,890 --> 00:10:05,430 can't do it in a human eye and the 284 00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:06,900 rhodopsin has to be considered in many 285 00:10:10,660 --> 00:10:08,640 different lights and so we take a look 286 00:10:12,950 --> 00:10:10,670 at it by putting it onto an inorganic 287 00:10:14,690 --> 00:10:12,960 semiconductor let's just use gallium 288 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:14,700 arsenide it doesn't really matter but 289 00:10:18,620 --> 00:10:16,770 it's attached to a man-made inorganic 290 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:18,630 semiconductor put there Barrett 291 00:10:22,460 --> 00:10:20,250 bacterial rhodopsin up there and take a 292 00:10:24,740 --> 00:10:22,470 look at it you shine light on it what 293 00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:24,750 happens a conformational change in the 294 00:10:29,330 --> 00:10:26,700 protein occurs so far so good 295 00:10:31,490 --> 00:10:29,340 and then it's detected by the inorganic 296 00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:31,500 semiconductor and then amplified for 297 00:10:34,370 --> 00:10:33,060 eventual detection by man sitting 298 00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:34,380 somewhere in the laboratory right now 299 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:36,210 well that's nice and this helps to give 300 00:10:41,630 --> 00:10:38,490 us an idea of how bacterial rhodopsin 301 00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:41,640 works and helps to get us some answers 302 00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:44,510 so this has been suggested thus far 303 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:46,980 rhodopsin is very well known to be 304 00:10:51,740 --> 00:10:50,010 packed into our eye why is that because 305 00:10:53,870 --> 00:10:51,750 if you've got a whole bunch of rays 306 00:10:55,730 --> 00:10:53,880 emanating from the back of the room and 307 00:10:57,560 --> 00:10:55,740 they are all parallel and they're gonna 308 00:11:00,500 --> 00:10:57,570 hit the wall behind me how many of them 309 00:11:02,030 --> 00:11:00,510 are am I gonna intercept very few no 310 00:11:03,650 --> 00:11:02,040 matter how fast I run back and forth I'm 311 00:11:05,690 --> 00:11:03,660 not going to intercept that many the 312 00:11:07,310 --> 00:11:05,700 ones that I I detect great but most of 313 00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:07,320 them are gonna go to my right to my left 314 00:11:10,940 --> 00:11:08,610 the top they're gonna miss me and 315 00:11:12,590 --> 00:11:10,950 therefore I need to do something I need 316 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:12,600 to clone myself no no matter how 317 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:14,490 unattractive this may sound to some of 318 00:11:19,070 --> 00:11:16,890 you if I cloned myself and spread myself 319 00:11:20,990 --> 00:11:19,080 out I would be able to detect more why 320 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:21,000 because these rays are gonna be parallel 321 00:11:24,680 --> 00:11:23,010 and I've now increased my detection 322 00:11:25,940 --> 00:11:24,690 level it has been suggested by German 323 00:11:29,300 --> 00:11:25,950 researchers this is the way it has to be 324 00:11:32,210 --> 00:11:29,310 the insect is so ridiculously sensitive 325 00:11:35,450 --> 00:11:32,220 they must be packed in there the odorant 326 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:35,460 receptors must be packed so they take a 327 00:11:38,930 --> 00:11:35,850 look 328 00:11:42,110 --> 00:11:38,940 immuno labeling they're not there find a 329 00:11:44,090 --> 00:11:42,120 few there's nowhere near what we are 330 00:11:45,290 --> 00:11:44,100 needed and so this is a problem as a 331 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:45,300 matter of fact we found more other 332 00:11:49,550 --> 00:11:47,250 proteins than we found of the putative 333 00:11:50,990 --> 00:11:49,560 odorant receptors sensory neuron 334 00:11:53,390 --> 00:11:51,000 membrane proteins are found in a higher 335 00:11:56,660 --> 00:11:53,400 concentration than the putative odorant 336 00:11:58,100 --> 00:11:56,670 receptors this is a problem what is 337 00:12:00,640 --> 00:11:58,110 going on here based on the current 338 00:12:02,840 --> 00:12:00,650 paradigm I've got mice in Silla a 339 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:02,850 pheromone comes in it's going to impact 340 00:12:07,130 --> 00:12:05,490 at a specific point that specific point 341 00:12:08,270 --> 00:12:07,140 is going to be right there it's not 342 00:12:09,710 --> 00:12:08,280 going to be on the other side it's only 343 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:09,720 going to be at that specific point that 344 00:12:13,970 --> 00:12:11,610 pheromone will go through a pore at that 345 00:12:15,530 --> 00:12:13,980 specific point that pheromone will then 346 00:12:17,450 --> 00:12:15,540 hit the dendrite very close to that 347 00:12:20,210 --> 00:12:17,460 particular point it's a point effect is 348 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:20,220 this the way an antenna works no an 349 00:12:23,810 --> 00:12:22,290 antenna works if you've got an 350 00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:23,820 electromagnetic frequency and the 351 00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:25,680 antenna is detecting it it is not a 352 00:12:30,470 --> 00:12:28,050 point affect the whole antenna will 353 00:12:32,330 --> 00:12:30,480 light up in a more or less fashion like 354 00:12:33,890 --> 00:12:32,340 this so if it's based upon antenna 355 00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:33,900 theory which I'm espousing right now 356 00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:35,310 you're going to have a different way of 357 00:12:39,830 --> 00:12:38,370 detecting it a conductor is a substance 358 00:12:42,950 --> 00:12:39,840 or body capable of transmitting 359 00:12:46,850 --> 00:12:42,960 electricity heat or sound the Antonine 360 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:46,860 would be an insulator but a 361 00:12:51,580 --> 00:12:49,290 semiconductor any of a class of solids 362 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:51,590 whose electrical conductivity is between 363 00:12:55,670 --> 00:12:54,210 that of a conductor in an insulator and 364 00:12:57,550 --> 00:12:55,680 this is what we're dealing with right 365 00:12:59,720 --> 00:12:57,560 now at least that's what I'm proposing a 366 00:13:02,050 --> 00:12:59,730 protein semi conductor is a semi 367 00:13:05,390 --> 00:13:02,060 conductor god bless you with a protein 368 00:13:06,710 --> 00:13:05,400 constituent a protein constituent so 369 00:13:09,140 --> 00:13:06,720 proteins are able to detect 370 00:13:11,630 --> 00:13:09,150 electromagnetic frequencies well known 371 00:13:12,890 --> 00:13:11,640 great field going on out there so I told 372 00:13:15,590 --> 00:13:12,900 you right at spawns time of one 373 00:13:18,410 --> 00:13:15,600 millisecond one millisecond equals 1 374 00:13:19,790 --> 00:13:18,420 million Pico seconds the researchers 375 00:13:21,350 --> 00:13:19,800 have taken a look at this upon the 376 00:13:23,539 --> 00:13:21,360 absorption of light there is a ship 377 00:13:25,699 --> 00:13:23,549 of electron density in rhodopsin which 378 00:13:29,929 --> 00:13:25,709 begins the photo isomerization process 379 00:13:32,449 --> 00:13:29,939 in about 1.6 pica seconds as measured by 380 00:13:34,970 --> 00:13:32,459 a 500 vent the second laser well that's 381 00:13:36,530 --> 00:13:34,980 great that's plenty of time I mean now 382 00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:36,540 I've got a mechanism that works within 383 00:13:40,069 --> 00:13:38,220 the time period that I need which is 1 384 00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:40,079 millisecond allowed to take to recover 385 00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:41,910 it's about 300 milliseconds 386 00:13:46,129 --> 00:13:44,100 what about bacteria rhodopsin resets 387 00:13:47,989 --> 00:13:46,139 itself in about 10 milliseconds well 388 00:13:50,479 --> 00:13:47,999 this is great this again gives me plenty 389 00:13:52,910 --> 00:13:50,489 of time because 98% of it is going to be 390 00:13:55,639 --> 00:13:52,920 reset in just 20 milliseconds so it's 391 00:13:58,100 --> 00:13:55,649 fast detection it's fast recovery this 392 00:13:59,600 --> 00:13:58,110 is looking good it has been shown now 393 00:14:01,429 --> 00:13:59,610 for some of you may not think well this 394 00:14:02,629 --> 00:14:01,439 is this is nice time but this is I need 395 00:14:05,179 --> 00:14:02,639 some more evidence can you give me 396 00:14:07,429 --> 00:14:05,189 something more I'll be happy to it has 397 00:14:10,869 --> 00:14:07,439 been shown that upon strong illumination 398 00:14:13,819 --> 00:14:10,879 rhabdo meter real skeleton shows 399 00:14:15,439 --> 00:14:13,829 structural changes so they take the 400 00:14:17,539 --> 00:14:15,449 light and they hit the RAB de Mar de 401 00:14:19,369 --> 00:14:17,549 this causes structural changes in the 402 00:14:22,039 --> 00:14:19,379 cytoskeleton it's a very interesting 403 00:14:24,309 --> 00:14:22,049 response it's not really seen that much 404 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:24,319 but it's an interesting characteristic 405 00:14:28,429 --> 00:14:26,730 Kumar and killed two German researchers 406 00:14:30,189 --> 00:14:28,439 have found that pheromone stimulation 407 00:14:32,739 --> 00:14:30,199 not just any stimulation but high 408 00:14:34,939 --> 00:14:32,749 pheromone stimulation induces 409 00:14:37,609 --> 00:14:34,949 cytoskeletal changes in olfactory 410 00:14:39,470 --> 00:14:37,619 dendrites of the male Saturn I at Moss 411 00:14:41,470 --> 00:14:39,480 beautiful I've got another connection 412 00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:41,480 let me give you another connection 413 00:14:46,699 --> 00:14:44,160 g-protein coupled receptors proteins 414 00:14:48,019 --> 00:14:46,709 belong to many different families one of 415 00:14:50,539 --> 00:14:48,029 the more common ones are the g-protein 416 00:14:52,609 --> 00:14:50,549 coupled receptors they are known as 7 417 00:14:54,559 --> 00:14:52,619 transmembrane alpha helix structures 418 00:14:57,499 --> 00:14:54,569 they pass through the membrane seven 419 00:14:59,689 --> 00:14:57,509 times the g-protein coupled receptors I 420 00:15:01,579 --> 00:14:59,699 talked about in human olfaction is the 421 00:15:03,859 --> 00:15:01,589 same thing as what you find in the 422 00:15:06,049 --> 00:15:03,869 insects the odorant receptors are the 423 00:15:08,030 --> 00:15:06,059 same and so when I'm proposing on this 424 00:15:09,499 --> 00:15:08,040 last slide right now is when the 425 00:15:11,869 --> 00:15:09,509 pheromone molecules get close to the 426 00:15:13,999 --> 00:15:11,879 sencilla they light up as detected by 427 00:15:16,759 --> 00:15:14,009 protein semiconductors and this is how 428 00:15:17,780 --> 00:15:16,769 my theory is now being put forward thank 429 00:15:20,770 --> 00:15:17,790 you very much for your time 430 00:15:26,629 --> 00:15:24,129 [Applause] 431 00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:26,639 okay we have a few minutes for questions 432 00:15:39,980 --> 00:15:37,730 Francesca McCartney - Jessica would you 433 00:15:42,769 --> 00:15:39,990 comment or do you have a comment on Luca 434 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:42,779 turns off action research I'd be happy 435 00:15:46,759 --> 00:15:44,370 to comment on that Luca turns olfaction 436 00:15:48,379 --> 00:15:46,769 research is based upon the vibrational 437 00:15:50,660 --> 00:15:48,389 energy the same as the insects the 438 00:15:52,430 --> 00:15:50,670 problem is that Luca turns theory looks 439 00:15:54,019 --> 00:15:52,440 at electron tunneling which is a 440 00:15:56,180 --> 00:15:54,029 fundamentally different theory than the 441 00:15:58,280 --> 00:15:56,190 dielectric antenna theory and so if you 442 00:16:01,670 --> 00:15:58,290 take a look at how these two mechanisms 443 00:16:03,199 --> 00:16:01,680 line up they don't they're still looking 444 00:16:04,790 --> 00:16:03,209 at the vibrational energy but it's two 445 00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:04,800 different ways of looking at the 446 00:16:08,329 --> 00:16:07,110 vibrational energies on the - even 447 00:16:09,980 --> 00:16:08,339 though I support what he's doing and 448 00:16:11,329 --> 00:16:09,990 I've communicated with them we don't 449 00:16:14,420 --> 00:16:11,339 have much to talk about because we're 450 00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:14,430 looking at two different things next 451 00:16:19,370 --> 00:16:15,570 question over here 452 00:16:22,759 --> 00:16:19,380 Glenn Rhine I assume that bugs can smell 453 00:16:26,170 --> 00:16:22,769 in the dark yes so your theory requires 454 00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:26,180 light activation of the semi conductor 455 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:29,040 mechanism no I never said that because 456 00:16:33,470 --> 00:16:30,690 you told us a lot about how light 457 00:16:35,420 --> 00:16:33,480 activates the semiconductors so that's 458 00:16:37,550 --> 00:16:35,430 one half of the question the other half 459 00:16:40,310 --> 00:16:37,560 of the question is why do you need an 460 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:40,320 inter mayer intermediary protein 461 00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:43,170 molecule to act as the transducer when 462 00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:44,910 electromagnetic fields can directly 463 00:16:50,090 --> 00:16:47,310 affect receptors at least in mammalian 464 00:16:53,150 --> 00:16:50,100 systems and an electromagnetic field can 465 00:16:54,470 --> 00:16:53,160 propagate right through the whole center 466 00:16:56,900 --> 00:16:54,480 part of whatever you called it and 467 00:16:58,970 --> 00:16:56,910 activate the cytoplasmic receptor 468 00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:58,980 yes it is still possible that that is 469 00:17:01,970 --> 00:17:00,240 happening the reason why I consider that 470 00:17:04,610 --> 00:17:01,980 unlikely is because the neuronal 471 00:17:06,169 --> 00:17:04,620 response is so clean and so basic that 472 00:17:08,390 --> 00:17:06,179 it I do believe that a protein is 473 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:08,400 allowing ions to enter a neuronal 474 00:17:11,929 --> 00:17:10,290 response is all about ion interchange 475 00:17:14,449 --> 00:17:11,939 calcium influx was talked about in 476 00:17:16,010 --> 00:17:14,459 Lucas's talk earlier on is really 477 00:17:17,299 --> 00:17:16,020 nothing different here and therefore 478 00:17:20,990 --> 00:17:17,309 you're going to need a protein in order 479 00:17:22,610 --> 00:17:21,000 to have ions come in and set the normal 480 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:22,620 neuronal response so therefore I do 481 00:17:28,940 --> 00:17:23,970 believe that proteins are involved 482 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:28,950 however it's not necessary is short 483 00:17:34,230 --> 00:17:31,690 antenna Theory small antenna much 484 00:17:37,710 --> 00:17:34,240 smaller than wavelength resonant 485 00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:37,720 antennas part of this no actually these 486 00:17:43,230 --> 00:17:40,480 antennae or sencilla are set up at about 487 00:17:44,580 --> 00:17:43,240 the right wavelength for the infrared 488 00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:44,590 frequencies which are coming from the 489 00:17:48,180 --> 00:17:46,450 vibrational molecules now as you know 490 00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:48,190 they don't have to line up perform a I'm 491 00:17:50,909 --> 00:17:50,080 not sure what your background is but 492 00:17:52,529 --> 00:17:50,919 they don't have to line up perfectly 493 00:17:54,029 --> 00:17:52,539 doesn't have to be a one-to-one but it 494 00:17:56,940 --> 00:17:54,039 has to be pretty close and they are 495 00:18:00,210 --> 00:17:56,950 close good question good antenna 496 00:18:03,570 --> 00:18:00,220 question can you relate this to the the 497 00:18:06,570 --> 00:18:03,580 way the dendrites on neural neurons in 498 00:18:09,450 --> 00:18:06,580 the brain work related to would that way 499 00:18:11,669 --> 00:18:09,460 neurons in the brain actually yeah 500 00:18:15,269 --> 00:18:11,679 actually this is a question which is 501 00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:15,279 outside the my talk it would not be easy 502 00:18:19,740 --> 00:18:17,110 to do so because the vertebrate neuron 503 00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:19,750 is much much much simpler than the 504 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:21,820 insect neuron and I'm so happy to say 505 00:18:26,879 --> 00:18:25,090 that insect neurons are far more 506 00:18:28,499 --> 00:18:26,889 complicated vertebrate neurons are very 507 00:18:30,509 --> 00:18:28,509 simple they just you know you'll have 508 00:18:31,830 --> 00:18:30,519 you know billions of them whereas the 509 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:31,840 insect neurons because there's only a 510 00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:33,850 few hundred thousand of them are much 511 00:18:37,529 --> 00:18:35,440 more diverse and have very different 512 00:18:38,730 --> 00:18:37,539 capabilities so to make a comparison I 513 00:18:41,549 --> 00:18:38,740 just can't I just can't 514 00:18:43,139 --> 00:18:41,559 and I'm sorry Tom and your last slide 515 00:18:45,990 --> 00:18:43,149 here it seems to me you're showing 516 00:18:48,210 --> 00:18:46,000 pheromone molecules directly stimulating 517 00:18:50,999 --> 00:18:48,220 the antenna but surely you mean some 518 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:51,009 electromagnetic emission or property of 519 00:18:55,889 --> 00:18:54,129 the ligand stimulating the antenna can 520 00:18:57,570 --> 00:18:55,899 you explain what you mean exactly well 521 00:19:01,919 --> 00:18:57,580 not a ligand in the sense that there is 522 00:19:03,419 --> 00:19:01,929 binding Ligon would suggest binding yeah 523 00:19:05,190 --> 00:19:03,429 yeah what these are these are pheromone 524 00:19:07,139 --> 00:19:05,200 molecules that are impacting the outside 525 00:19:08,369 --> 00:19:07,149 of the sencilla what I am saying is that 526 00:19:11,389 --> 00:19:08,379 the pheromone is not actually getting 527 00:19:13,710 --> 00:19:11,399 inside the sencilla which is a necessary 528 00:19:15,690 --> 00:19:13,720 prerequisite in order for the dendrite 529 00:19:17,820 --> 00:19:15,700 to detect it according to the current 530 00:19:19,799 --> 00:19:17,830 theory of insect olfaction because they 531 00:19:21,899 --> 00:19:19,809 need the lock and key that pheromone 532 00:19:23,369 --> 00:19:21,909 needs to get in there with my system it 533 00:19:25,710 --> 00:19:23,379 just it needs to get on the outside of 534 00:19:27,419 --> 00:19:25,720 it and we're in very close proximity set 535 00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:27,429 off the antenna and boom the antenna 536 00:19:32,789 --> 00:19:29,710 lights up in this beautiful display that 537 00:19:37,350 --> 00:19:35,879 Jim beekler couldn't you test this by 538 00:19:39,090 --> 00:19:37,360 getting rid of the pheromones and 539 00:19:39,930 --> 00:19:39,100 finding the resonant frequency and just 540 00:19:41,519 --> 00:19:39,940 seeing the antenna 541 00:19:44,490 --> 00:19:41,529 that resonant frequency and see how the 542 00:19:45,869 --> 00:19:44,500 insects react I can't do that great 543 00:19:48,210 --> 00:19:45,879 question though it's been talked about 544 00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:48,220 for many many years the reason why is if 545 00:19:50,820 --> 00:19:49,360 you take a look at the vibrational 546 00:19:52,619 --> 00:19:50,830 frequencies of a given pheromone 547 00:19:54,450 --> 00:19:52,629 molecule there's more than one there's 548 00:19:57,869 --> 00:19:54,460 more than two there's more than ten and 549 00:19:59,549 --> 00:19:57,879 so the insect we know is not responding 550 00:20:02,279 --> 00:19:59,559 to a single frequency it's detecting 551 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:02,289 them all at once and saying this is a 14 552 00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:04,570 carbon acetate this is my pheromone I 553 00:20:08,129 --> 00:20:06,370 recognize it because if you start 554 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:08,139 playing around with it and only putting 555 00:20:11,909 --> 00:20:09,490 one or two frequencies in there the 556 00:20:13,590 --> 00:20:11,919 insect will get no response researchers 557 00:20:14,970 --> 00:20:13,600 have looked at it you really do need the 558 00:20:16,619 --> 00:20:14,980 whole kit and caboodle and when you need 559 00:20:18,749 --> 00:20:16,629 the whole kit and caboodle you need the 560 00:20:22,350 --> 00:20:18,759 pheromone because it produces everything 561 00:20:26,419 --> 00:20:22,360 that's needed yes afraid we need to cut